post-hoc hypothesis testing with losses

The combination of post-hoc hypothesis testing with Neyman-Pearson paradigm with losses. In particular, the significance level $\alpha$ is replaced by a loss function. This is not the only way to do post-hoc testing, but it is a way. And it is currently the most well-understood way.

First paper along these lines: Beyond Neyman-Pearson by Grunwald.